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Antifreeze Market Report

RA03389

Antifreeze Market by Product Type Model (Ethylene Glycol, Propylene Glycol, and Glycerin) and Technology Model (OAT, HOAT, and IAT) and Application Model (Automobile, Aerospace, and Industrial Heat Transfer and Cooling Systems) and Region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and LAMEA): Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2023-2032

RA03389

Pages: 280

Sep 2023

Antifreeze Overview

Antifreeze functions by modifying the boiling and freezing points of the liquid in the cooling system of the engine, it keeps the water in the engine from freezing in cold temperatures and harming it, by boosting the liquid's boiling point, it aids in preventing the engine from overheating during hot weather. In addition to temperature regulation, antifreeze contains compounds that help stop rust and corrosion and the accumulation of deposits in the cooling system. These compounds aid in engine efficiency and lifetime. Antifreeze is commonly manufactured from a combination of water and chemicals such as ethylene glycol or propylene glycol as well as additives to improve its effectiveness. These compounds have qualities that stop the production of ice crystals, which can damage the systems in which they are utilized. Weather conditions and technical improvements and environmental restrictions all have an impact on the antifreeze industry, for example, there is a growing desire for environmentally acceptable antifreeze alternatives that are less harmful and biodegradable. Overall, the antifreeze solutions are critical to ensuring the effective operation and durability of systems exposed to temperature extremes, and it is evolving to satisfy changing industry needs and environmental concerns.

Global Antifreeze Market Analysis

The global antifreeze market size was $5,152.2 million in 2022 and is predicted to grow with a CAGR of 7.4%, by generating a revenue of $10,259.90 million by 2032.

COVID-19 Impact on Global Antifreeze Market

The COVID-19 pandemic had a major impact on the antifreeze market. During the pandemic, there was a fall in general economic activity and distractions in supply chains which resulted in a decrease in demand for antifreeze product. Many industries including automotive and manufacturing were affected by lockdowns and restrictions, resulting in reduced production and decreasing demand for antifreeze.  The car industry, the primary consumer of antifreeze, suffered a decline in sales as consumers stayed at home and travelled less. As a result, demand for antifreeze to keep engines from freezing or overheating decreased as the number of vehicles on the road decreased. Similarly, the manufacturing industry experienced problems because of reduced production and lower product demand, leading in less antifreeze use in industrial processes.

The antifreeze market is predicted to recover as the world progressively recovers from the global crisis and economic activity restarts, with greater transportation and industrial output. In order to fulfil changing requirements and environmental restrictions, the market may potentially see breakthroughs and developments in antifreeze technology. It's important to note that specific market conditions and factors may vary across regions and industries, resulting in different levels of impact on the antifreeze market.

Growing Automotive Industry to Drive the Antifreeze Market Growth

 The rising demand for antifreeze is driven by the automotive sector and the expanding number of cars on roads since it is necessary for preventing engines from freezing and overheating. Antifreeze composition developments, such as long-life and extended-life antifreeze, and technological advancements both increase performance, prolong service intervals and improve compatibility with modern engines. These technical advances attract clients and help the business flourish. Antifreeze is utilized in a variety of industrial applications, including HVAC systems, oil and gas, power production, and chemical processing as the industrial sector develops. Worldwide expansion of these industries increases the demand for antifreeze products, resulting in market growth.  Environmental regulations are becoming more popular, and antifreeze products that meet environmental requirements such as low toxicity and biodegradability are gaining popularity. As people become more aware of and adhere to such regulations, the demand for eco-friendly antifreeze increases, resulting in market growth.

Antifreeze is essential in cold climate regions where freezing temperatures threaten engines and pipes. In these places, demand for antifreeze is more robust, fuelling market expansion. As emerging economies observe rapid industrialization and urbanisation, vehicle sales increase, resulting in higher demand for antifreeze in these regions, hence supporting market growth. The expansion of distribution networks, including online platforms, enables easier access to antifreeze products. This wider availability boosts market growth by reaching a larger customer base.

Harmful Effects of Antifreeze on Animals and Environment to Restrain the of Antifreeze Market Growth

If swallowed by humans or animals, antifreeze, particularly the typical ethylene glycol-based form, can be extremely toxic, causing major kidney and central nervous system damage and, in rare cases, death. Improper antifreeze disposal or leaking can damage soil and water supplies, putting plants, animals, and ecosystems at danger. The harmful chemicals in antifreeze can have long-term environmental implications. Because of its pleasant taste, which attracts animals and pets and can result in unintended eating; thus, antifreeze poses a major risk to both wild and domesticated animals.

Advancements in Antifreeze to Drive Excellent Opportunities for Future

In the future, advancements in antifreeze technology are expected to bring significant improvements. These advancements aim to enhance the performance and safety of antifreeze products ensuring better protection for vehicles and machinery in cold temperatures some of the potential improvements include. Future antifreeze formulations are anticipated to be more efficient in preventing freezing and providing effective engine cooling in extreme weather conditions. Upcoming antifreeze products may have a longer lifespan reducing the need for frequent replacements and minimizing waste. Antifreeze development is likely to focus on environmentally friendly alternatives with reduced environmental impact and better biodegradability. There is a possibility of non-toxic antifreeze options becoming more widely available ensuring safer handling and disposal practices. Future antifreeze could offer improved corrosion protection for engines preventing damage and extending the life of vital components. Antifreeze advancements may enhance heat transfer properties which leads to more efficient temperature regulation in engines. Upgraded antifreeze products might come with user-friendly packaging and handling features for convenience during maintenance.

Global Antifreeze Market, by Product, 2022

The ethylene glycol sub-segment accounted for the highest market share in 2022. Ethylene glycol possesses a remarkable ability to lower the freezing point of water which is essential for safeguarding engines and other equipment from damage during extremely cold temperatures. By mixing ethylene glycol with water, it creates a solution that resists freezing even in sub-zero conditions enabling vehicles and machinery to function smoothly in harsh winter climates. Also, ethylene glycol exhibits excellent heat transfer characteristics which ensures efficient cooling of engines and other systems. The superior heat transfer ability of ethylene glycol allows engines to maintain optimal operating temperatures & enhancing their overall longevity and reliability. Furthermore, it effectively inhibits corrosion within cooling systems. Corrosion can lead to the formation of rust and scale which not only impede heat transfer but also cause irreversible damage to vital components. The dominance of ethylene glycol as the main ingredient in antifreeze is further supported by its wide availability and cost-effectiveness. Being widely produced and readily accessible it becomes an economical choice for both manufacturers and end-users alike.

Global Antifreeze Market, by Application, 2022

The automobile sub-segment accounted for the highest market share in 2022. One of the main reasons why antifreeze is extensively used in automobiles is its exceptional ability to regulate engine temperature. It effectively transfers heat away from the engine helping to prevent it from reaching dangerous levels that could lead to costly damages or even engine failure. This cooling property ensures that the engine remains within its optimal operating temperature range which is vital for efficient and smooth performance. In addition to temperature regulation, antifreeze also protects against freezing temperatures especially in colder climates by lowering the freezing point of the engine's cooling system it prevents the formation of ice within the engine which could cause significant damage. Automakers and vehicle owners appreciate the effectiveness and reliability of antifreeze in safeguarding their engines.

Global Antifreeze Market, by Technology, 2022

The OAT sub-segment accounted for the highest market share in 2022. OAT is known for its effectiveness in preventing engine overheating and freezing, safeguarding the vehicle's cooling system. It utilizes organic acid-based additives that provide long-lasting protection to various engine components such as radiators and water pumps and cylinder blocks. OAT can last for several years without requiring frequent replacements, resulting in cost savings and reduced waste. Moreover, OAT is environmentally friendly, and it contains fewer hazardous chemicals which makes it less harmful to the environment during production and disposal.  In addition to its extended service life and eco-friendliness OAT offers compatibility with a wide range of metals and materials commonly found in modern engines. This compatibility reduces the risk of corrosion and damage to vital engine components, further enhancing its appeal among automobile manufacturers and consumers alike.

Global Antifreeze Market Share, by Region, 2022

The Asia Pacific antifreeze market generated the highest market share in 2022. In recent years the region has seen a major increase in industrial expansion.  As coolant protection is critical for operating efficiency in a variety of industries, including agriculture, manufacturing, and construction, as well as the automobile industry, the demand for antifreeze has surged.

The Asia Pacific region is home to vast agricultural landscapes. Antifreeze finds extensive use in protecting irrigation systems, tractors, and other farming equipment from extreme temperatures, ensuring continuous operations and preventing costly damages. Many countries in the region have established themselves as major manufacturing hubs. Antifreeze is widely used to ensure uninterrupted operations of machinery, protecting critical components from freezing and enabling smooth production processes.

Competitive Scenario in the Global Antifreeze Market

Agreement and investment are the two key strategies opted by the operating companies in this market. Some of the leading companies in the global market are Royal Dutch Shell, CCI Corporation, BASF SE, Old World Industries Inc, KMCO, SONAX GmbH, KOST USA, Inc, Recochem Inc, Amsoil, and MITAN.

Aspect

Particular

Historical Market Estimations

2020-2022

Base Year for Market Estimation

2022

Forecast Timeline for Market Projection

2023-2032

Geographical Scope

North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and LAMEA

Segmentation by Product

  • Ethylene Glycol_ Dominating
  • Propylene Glycol
  • Glycerin

 

Segmentation by Technology

  • OAT_ Dominating
  • HOAT
  • IAT

Segmentation by Application

  • Automobile_ Dominating
  • Aerospace
  • Industrial heat transfer and cooling systems

Key Companies Profiled

  • Royal Dutch Shell
  • CCI Corporation
  • BASF SE
  • Old World Industries Inc
  • KMCO
  • SONAX GmbH
  • KOST USA, Inc
  • Recochem Inc
  • Amsoil
  • MITAN

    Frequently Asked Questions
     

    A. The size of the global antifreeze market was over $5,152.2 million in 2022 and is projected to reach $10,259.90 million by 2032.

    A. Royal Dutch Shell, CCI Corporation, BASF SE, Old World Industries Inc, and KMCO are the major companies in the antifreeze market.

    A. The Asia Pacific region possesses great investment opportunities for investors to witness the most promising growth in the future.

    A. Agreement and investment are the two key strategies opted by the operating companies in this market.

    A. SONAX GmbH, KOST USA, Inc, Recochem Inc, Amsoil, and MITAN are investing more in R&D practices.

    • 1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

      • 1.1. Desk Research

      • 1.2. Real time insights and validation

      • 1.3. Forecast model

      • 1.4. Assumptions and forecast parameters

      • 1.5. Market size estimation

        • 1.5.1. Top-down approach

        • 1.5.2. Bottom-up approach

    • 2. REPORT SCOPE

      • 2.1. Market definition

      • 2.2. Key objectives of the study

      • 2.3. Report overview

      • 2.4. Market segmentation

      • 2.5. Overview of the impact of COVID-19 on Global Antifreeze Market

    • 3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

    • 4. MARKET OVERVIEW

      • 4.1. Introduction

      • 4.2. Growth impact forces

        • 4.2.1. Drivers

        • 4.2.2. Restraints

        • 4.2.3. Opportunities

      • 4.3. Market value chain analysis

        • 4.3.1. List of raw material suppliers

        • 4.3.2. List of manufacturers

        • 4.3.3. List of distributors

      • 4.4. Innovation & sustainability matrices

        • 4.4.1. Technology matrix

        • 4.4.2. Regulatory matrix

      • 4.5. Porter’s five forces analysis

        • 4.5.1. Bargaining power of suppliers

        • 4.5.2. Bargaining power of consumers

        • 4.5.3. Threat of substitutes

        • 4.5.4. Threat of new entrants

        • 4.5.5. Competitive rivalry intensity

      • 4.6. PESTLE analysis

        • 4.6.1. Political

        • 4.6.2. Economical

        • 4.6.3. Social

        • 4.6.4. Technological

        • 4.6.5. Environmental

      • 4.7. Impact of COVID-19 on Antifreeze Market

        • 4.7.1. Pre-covid market scenario

        • 4.7.2. Post-covid market scenario

    • 5. Antifreeze Market, By Type

      • 5.1. Overview

      • 5.2 Low Density Polyethylene Wax

        • 5.2.1 Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities

        • 5.2.2 Market size analysis, by region, 2020-2027

        • 5.2.3 Market share analysis, by country, 2020-2027

      • 5.3 High Density Polyethylene Wax

        • 5.3.1 Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities

        • 5.3.2 Market size analysis, by region, 2020-2027

        • 5.3.3 Market share analysis, by country, 2020-2027

      • 5.4 Oxidized Polyethylene Wax

        • 5.4.1 Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities

        • 5.4.2 Market size analysis, by region, 2020-2027

        • 5.4.3 Market share analysis, by country, 2020-2027

      • 5.5 Micronized Polyethylene Wax

        • 5.5.1 Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities

        • 5.5.2 Market size analysis, by region, 2020-2027

        • 5.5.3 Market share analysis, by country, 2020-2027

      • 5.6 Others

        • 5.6.1 Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities

        • 5.6.2 Market size analysis, by region, 2020-2027

        • 5.6.3 Market share analysis, by country, 2020-2027

      • 5.7 Research Dive Exclusive Insights

        • 5.7.1 Market attractiveness

        • 5.7.2 Competition heatmap

    • 6. Antifreeze Market, By Source

      • 6.1. Overview

      • 6.2 Plastic Processing

        • 6.2.1 Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities

        • 6.2.2 Market size analysis, by region, 2020-2027

        • 6.2.3 Market share analysis, by country, 2020-2027

      • 6.3 Hot-melt Adhesive

        • 6.3.1 Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities

        • 6.3.2 Market size analysis, by region, 2020-2027

        • 6.3.3 Market share analysis, by country, 2020-2027

      • 6.4 Ink & Coating

        • 6.4.1 Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities

        • 6.4.2 Market size analysis, by region, 2020-2027

        • 6.4.3 Market share analysis, by country, 2020-2027

      • 6.5 Others

        • 6.5.1 Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities

        • 6.5.2 Market size analysis, by region, 2020-2027

        • 6.5.3 Market share analysis, by country, 2020-2027

      • 6.6 Research Dive Exclusive Insights

        • 6.6.1 Market attractiveness

        • 6.6.2 Competition heatmap

    • 7. Antifreeze Market, By Setting Type

      • 7.1. Overview

      • 7.2 Polymerization

        • 7.2.1 Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities

        • 7.2.2 Market size analysis, by region, 2020-2027

        • 7.2.3 Market share analysis, by country, 2020-2027

      • 7.3 Modification

        • 7.3.1 Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities

        • 7.3.2 Market size analysis, by region, 2020-2027

        • 7.3.3 Market share analysis, by country, 2020-2027

      • 7.4 Thermal Cracking

        • 7.4.1 Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities

        • 7.4.2 Market size analysis, by region, 2020-2027

        • 7.4.3 Market share analysis, by country, 2020-2027

      • 7.5 Others

        • 7.5.1 Definition, key trends, growth factors, and opportunities

        • 7.5.2 Market size analysis, by region, 2020-2027

        • 7.5.3 Market share analysis, by country, 2020-2027

      • 7.6 Research Dive Exclusive Insights

        • 7.6.1 Market attractiveness

        • 7.6.2 Competition heatmap

    • 8. Antifreeze Market, By Region

      • 8.1 North America

        • 8.1.1 U.S

          • 8.1.1.1 Market size analysis, By Type, 2020-2027

          • 8.1.1.2 Market size analysis, By Source, 2020-2027

          • 8.1.1.3 Market size analysis, By Setting Type, 2020-2027

        • 8.1.2 Canada

          • 8.1.2.1 Market size analysis, By Type, 2020-2027

          • 8.1.2.2 Market size analysis, By Source, 2020-2027

          • 8.1.2.3 Market size analysis, By Setting Type, 2020-2027

        • 8.1.3 Mexico

          • 8.1.3.1 Market size analysis, By Type, 2020-2027

          • 8.1.3.2 Market size analysis, By Source, 2020-2027

          • 8.1.3.3 Market size analysis, By Setting Type, 2020-2027

        • 8.1.4 Research Dive Exclusive Insights

          • 8.1.4.1 Market attractiveness

          • 8.1.4.2 Competition heatmap

      • 8.2 Europe

        • 8.2.1 Germany

          • 8.2.1.1 Market size analysis, By Type, 2020-2027

          • 8.2.1.2 Market size analysis, By Source, 2020-2027

          • 8.2.1.3 Market size analysis, By Setting Type, 2020-2027

        • 8.2.2 UK

          • 8.2.2.1 Market size analysis, By Type, 2020-2027

          • 8.2.2.2 Market size analysis, By Source, 2020-2027

          • 8.2.2.3 Market size analysis, By Setting Type, 2020-2027

        • 8.2.3 France

          • 8.2.3.1 Market size analysis, By Type, 2020-2027

          • 8.2.3.2 Market size analysis, By Source, 2020-2027

          • 8.2.3.3 Market size analysis, By Setting Type, 2020-2027

        • 8.2.4 Spain

          • 8.2.4.1 Market size analysis, By Type, 2020-2027

          • 8.2.4.2 Market size analysis, By Source, 2020-2027

          • 8.2.4.3 Market size analysis, By Setting Type, 2020-2027

        • 8.2.5 Italy

          • 8.2.5.1 Market size analysis, By Type, 2020-2027

          • 8.2.5.2 Market size analysis, By Source, 2020-2027

          • 8.2.5.3 Market size analysis, By Setting Type, 2020-2027

        • 8.2.6 Rest of Europe

          • 8.2.6.1 Market size analysis, By Type, 2020-2027

          • 8.2.6.2 Market size analysis, By Source, 2020-2027

          • 8.2.6.3 Market size analysis, By Setting Type, 2020-2027

        • 8.2.7 Research Dive Exclusive Insights

          • 8.2.7.1 Market attractiveness

          • 8.2.7.2 Competition heatmap

      • 8.3 Asia-Pacific

        • 8.3.1 China

          • 8.3.1.1 Market size analysis, By Type, 2020-2027

          • 8.3.1.2 Market size analysis, By Source, 2020-2027

          • 8.3.1.3 Market size analysis, By Setting Type, 2020-2027

        • 8.3.2 Japan

          • 8.3.2.1 Market size analysis, By Type, 2020-2027

          • 8.3.2.2 Market size analysis, By Source, 2020-2027

          • 8.3.2.3 Market size analysis, By Setting Type, 2020-2027

        • 8.3.3 India

          • 8.3.3.1 Market size analysis, By Type, 2020-2027

          • 8.3.3.2 Market size analysis, By Source, 2020-2027

          • 8.3.3.3 Market size analysis, By Setting Type, 2020-2027

        • 8.3.4 Australia

          • 8.3.4.1 Market size analysis, By Type, 2020-2027

          • 8.3.4.2 Market size analysis, By Source, 2020-2027

          • 8.3.4.3 Market size analysis, By Setting Type, 2020-2027

        • 8.3.5 South Korea

          • 8.3.5.1 Market size analysis, By Type, 2020-2027

          • 8.3.5.2 Market size analysis, By Source, 2020-2027

          • 8.3.5.3 Market size analysis, By Setting Type, 2020-2027

        • 8.3.6 Rest of Asia-Pacific

          • 8.3.6.1 Market size analysis, By Type, 2020-2027

          • 8.3.6.2 Market size analysis, By Source, 2020-2027

          • 8.3.6.3 Market size analysis, By Setting Type, 2020-2027

        • 8.3.7 Research Dive Exclusive Insights

          • 8.3.7.1 Market attractiveness

          • 8.3.7.2 Competition heatmap

      • 8.4 LAMEA

        • 8.4.1 Brazil

          • 8.4.1.1 Market size analysis, By Type, 2020-2027

          • 8.4.1.2 Market size analysis, By Source, 2020-2027

          • 8.4.1.3 Market size analysis, By Setting Type, 2020-2027

        • 8.4.2 Saudi Arabia

          • 8.4.2.1 Market size analysis, By Type, 2020-2027

          • 8.4.2.2 Market size analysis, By Source, 2020-2027

          • 8.4.2.3 Market size analysis, By Setting Type, 2020-2027

        • 8.4.3 UAE

          • 8.4.3.1 Market size analysis, By Type, 2020-2027

          • 8.4.3.2 Market size analysis, By Source, 2020-2027

          • 8.4.3.3 Market size analysis, By Setting Type, 2020-2027

        • 8.4.4 South Africa

          • 8.4.4.1 Market size analysis, By Type, 2020-2027

          • 8.4.4.2 Market size analysis, By Source, 2020-2027

          • 8.4.4.3 Market size analysis, By Setting Type, 2020-2027

        • 8.4.5 Rest of LAMEA

          • 8.4.5.1 Market size analysis, By Type, 2020-2027

          • 8.4.5.2 Market size analysis, By Source, 2020-2027

          • 8.4.5.3 Market size analysis, By Setting Type, 2020-2027

        • 8.4.6 Research Dive Exclusive Insights

          • 8.4.6.1 Market attractiveness

          • 8.4.6.2 Competition heatmap

    • 9. Competitive Landscape

      • 9.1 Top winning strategies, 2020-2027

        • 9.1.1 By strategy

        • 9.1.2 By year

      • 9.2 Strategic overview

      • 9.3 Market share analysis, 2020-2027

    • 10. Company Profiles

      • 10.1 BASF SE

        • 10.1.1 Overview

        • 10.1.2 Business segments

        • 10.1.3 Product portfolio

        • 10.1.4 Financial performance

        • 10.1.5 Recent developments

        • 10.1.6 SWOT analysis

      • 10.2 Honeywell International Inc.

        • 10.2.1 Overview

        • 10.2.2 Business segments

        • 10.2.3 Product portfolio

        • 10.2.4 Financial performance

        • 10.2.5 Recent developments

        • 10.2.6 SWOT analysis

      • 10.3 Arya Chem Inc.

        • 10.3.1 Overview

        • 10.3.2 Business segments

        • 10.3.3 Product portfolio

        • 10.3.4 Financial performance

        • 10.3.5 Recent developments

        • 10.3.6 SWOT analysis

      • 10.4 Clariant AG

        • 10.4.1 Overview

        • 10.4.2 Business segments

        • 10.4.3 Product portfolio

        • 10.4.4 Financial performance

        • 10.4.5 Recent developments

        • 10.4.6 SWOT analysis

      • 10.5 Westlake Chemical Corporation

        • 10.5.1 Overview

        • 10.5.2 Business segments

        • 10.5.3 Product portfolio

        • 10.5.4 Financial performance

        • 10.5.5 Recent developments

        • 10.5.6 SWOT analysis

      • 10.6 SCG Chemicals

        • 10.6.1 Overview

        • 10.6.2 Business segments

        • 10.6.3 Product portfolio

        • 10.6.4 Financial performance

        • 10.6.5 Recent developments

        • 10.6.6 SWOT analysis

      • 10.7 WIWAX

        • 10.7.1 Overview

        • 10.7.2 Business segments

        • 10.7.3 Product portfolio

        • 10.7.4 Financial performance

        • 10.7.5 Recent developments

        • 10.7.6 SWOT analysis

      • 10.8 Synergy Additives

        • 10.8.1 Overview

        • 10.8.2 Business segments

        • 10.8.3 Product portfolio

        • 10.8.4 Financial performance

        • 10.8.5 Recent developments

        • 10.8.6 SWOT analysis

      • 10.9 Mitsui Chemicals America, Inc.

        • 10.9.1 Overview

        • 10.9.2 Business segments

        • 10.9.3 Product portfolio

        • 10.9.4 Financial performance

        • 10.9.5 Recent developments

        • 10.9.6 SWOT analysis

      • 10.10 The Lubrizol Corporation

        • 10.10.1 Overview

        • 10.10.2 Business segments

        • 10.10.3 Product portfolio

        • 10.10.4 Financial performance

        • 10.10.5 Recent developments

        • 10.10.6 SWOT analysis

      • 10.11 Kerax Limited

        • 10.11.1 Overview

        • 10.11.2 Business segments

        • 10.11.3 Product portfolio

        • 10.11.4 Financial performance

        • 10.11.5 Recent developments

        • 10.11.6 SWOT analysis

      • 10.12 Micro Powders, Inc.

        • 10.12.1 Overview

        • 10.12.2 Business segments

        • 10.12.3 Product portfolio

        • 10.12.4 Financial performance

        • 10.12.5 Recent developments

        • 10.12.6 SWOT analysis

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